Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates , Coarse Aggregates , Cement in Concrete

Today, the need to protect environment is a moral obligation for human. The study investigates the suitability of using Crumb rubber as replacement of Fine aggregates, Waste Crushed tiles as Coarse aggregates and Bagasse as replacement of Cement. The results of the study revealed that the Compressive strength of the sample showed satisfactory performance. This experiment mainly deals with the manufacture of Concrete made from waste materials. The concrete cubes are tested under CTM for compressive strength. The cost comparison with the conventional concretes has revealed that Concrete made from these waste is preferred because it is more economical walling material in itself and permits the use of economical building techniques. Also by the use of concrete made from these wastes it allows the building to save its energy and Cost and enables the building to have a step forward towards Zero energy building and Economical also.


Introduction
Waste materials become real concern for humans in today's life. The main issue is to decompose these materials, as these are responsible for environment pollution. Because of this problem this has becomes the point of interest for researcher across the world. Therefore, utilization of non-biodegradable waste material in construction is rapidly growing. It was observed that these waste materials can be unchanged on earth for hundreds of decade without degradation and this issue of disposal of non-biodegradable waste will not solve itself and certain practical steps have to be taken for solving this problem. The construction of structure is increasing day by day. Hence it's a time of increasing strength and stability of structures by utilizing waste material and reduces the overall cost of structures and pollution.

A. Background Studies
Several types of waste materials i.e. rice husk ash, recycle aggregate, fly ash, sewage sludge, waste glass sludge, marble powder, crumb rubber, electronic waste, hospital waste ash crumb rubber, waste crushed tile, bagasse and many more were used in concrete mix design by researcher across the world. It was observed that utilization of waste material as a partial replacement of materials in concrete results in mix which is eco-friendly, less cost and leads to sustainable construction.

B. Benefits of Bagasse as Replacement of Cement
Bagasse is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice. It is used as a bio fuel for the production of heat, energy, and electricity, and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials. It has very high silica content (87%) than cement (22%) which allow the concrete to be more durable and tough. Also it has very low specific gravity (1.8) than cement (3.14) which helps the concrete to become lighter. By using Bagasse as a partial replacement of cement we can reduce the landfill problems and leads to a sustainable construction.

C. Benefits of Crumb Rubber as Replacement of Fine Aggregates
Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires. During the recycling process, steel and tire cord are removed, leaving tire rubber with a granular consistency. It improves the workability and thaw damage of concrete. It also provides sufficient restrain against propagation of micro-cracks. By using it as a replacement of fine aggregates we can solve the problem of its disposal in landfills as it is a very hazardous material. So by using Crumb rubber as a partial replacement of sand we can reduce the landfill problems and leads to a sustainable construction.

D. Benefits of Waste Crushed Tiles as Replacement of Fine Aggregates
Tiles in building construction are thin plates or elements used to cover surfaces like roofs, floors, and walls. Tiles have the capability to resist biological, chemical and physical degradation forces. These are so durable and hard that it can be used as a replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete so that we can solve the problem of its disposal. So by using using Waste tiles as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates we can reduce the landfill problems and leads to a sustainable construction.

A. Cement
Portland Pozzolana cement having 28days minimum Compressive strength of 33Mpa, (conforming to IS 1727: 1967) is used in this study as shown in fig 1. PPC cement is collected from local shop.

B. Sand
River sand locally available in the market was used in the investigation. In this study river sand of zone-1 and zone-2 is used as shown in fig. 2.

C. Coarse Aggregates
Crushed aggregates below 20mm size produced from local crushing plants were used. The aggregate exclusively passing through 20mm sieve size and retained on 10mm sieve is selected as shown in fig. 3.

D. Bagasse
Bagasse ash has a high amount of amorphous silicate and a broad specific surface area which makes it an effective pozzolanic additive to improve mechanical performance of the geo materials. In this study bagasse from Sandhar sugar mill Ltd. (Phagwara) as shown in fig. 4.

E. Waste Crushed Tiles
Broken mosaic tiles were collected from the solid waste of ceramic manufacturing unit and from demolished building. The waste tiles were crushed into small pieces by manually and by using crusher. The tile waste which is lesser than 4.75mm size was neglected. The crushed tile aggregate passing through 16mm sieve and retained on 12.5mm sieve are used. In this study demolished tiles from nearby construction houses are collected as shown in fig. 5.

F. Crumb rubber
Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires. During the recycling process, steel and tire cord (fluff) are removed, leaving tire rubber with a granular consistency. Crumb rubber is collected from local tire remolding shop as shown in fig. 6.

G. Super plasticizer (SP)
Super plasticizers (SP's) as shown in fig. 7. also known as high range water reducers, are additives used in making high strength concrete. The use of super plasticizers is practiced for production of flowing, self-compacting, and self-leveling and for the production of high strength and high performance concrete.

H. Water
Water plays a vital role in achieving the strength of concrete. For complete hydration it requires about 3/10th of its weight of water. Potable water fit for drinking is required to be used in the concrete and it should have pH value ranges between 6 to 9.

Methodology
The methodology of research includes the collection of required materials from the various sources and determining the properties of all the materials gathered. Designing the concrete mix proportions for all types of replacements and Preparation of the concrete mix, Moulding and curing. The testing of concrete includes compressive strength of concrete in its hardened state at 7 and 28 days of curing. Testing results of 70 samples is shown in Table.1. In last the comparison of conventional & Green concrete is done. The Combination of different waste material was used to replace the concrete component up to maximum percentage so that in table. 1 compressive strength of combination was represented in a form of 5B5C5T, which mean 5% of Bagasse ash, 5% of Crumb rubber and 5% of Tiles were used to make cubes. From fig.8 it can be clearly seen that 23% replacement gives the maximum strength.

Conclusion
From the test results and codal provisions, the following conclusions were drawn, 1. Compressive strength increases with increase in percentage of bagasse up to 15% after that it starts decreasing.

Compressive strength increases with increase in
percentage of crumb rubber up to 2% after that it starts decreasing.

Compressive strength increases with increase in
percentage of waste crushed tiles up to 15% after that it starts decreasing. 4. Cost of Green concrete increased up to some extent but for long term it turns out to be beneficial and economical also.